A review of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens spawning sites in the Lower St. Lawrence and Ottawa river systems

Knowledge concerning critical habitats such as spawning sites is crucial to the preservation of vulnerable fish species like sturgeons. For lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens populations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Ottawa river systems, knowledge about spawning sites has been documented primarily in the grey literature, unpublished reports, or notes, with very little published in peer-reviewed literature. Here, we reviewed over 100 reports, articles, and unpublished observations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Ottawa river systems to synthesize available information concerning the location of lake sturgeon spawning sites, the level of spawning activity, and the methodologies used for assessments. In this review, 38 lake stur-geon spawning sites were identified. Of these sites, 11 were enhanced or artificially created for lake stur-geon. In the Lower St. Lawrence River, 68% of known spawning sites were located downstream from a dam compared to 47% in the Ottawa River. The use of the two artificially created spawning sites in the Lower St. Lawrence River has not yet been confirmed, while one site established in the Ottawa River has had confirmed spawning activity, although the spawning run size is unknown. In contrast, spawning has been confirmed for the seven natural spawning sites that have been artificially expanded in these sys-tems, and two of these sites have large spawning runs. Information revealed by this review suggests that lake sturgeon populations in these large river systems rely on multiple spawning sites and that expand-ing natural spawning grounds may be more effective than creating new ones.(c) 2022 International Association for Great Lakes Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.