Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Insecticide Resistance in Shandong Province, China

The Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) complex comprises important pests and virus vectors in agricultural crops worldwide. In China, B. tabaci has spread to more than 20 provinces and caused severe losses of vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants. However, B. tabaci has developed resistance to many insecticidal classes in Shandong Province, eastern China. In this study, we investigated the cryptic species, insecticide resistance and detoxifying enzymes of B. tabaci from six representative locations exhibiting severe damage in Shandong. At four of the six locations, B. tabaci Mediterranean (MED) comprised 100% of the samples collected. In a further two locations, species composition was predominantly (>94%) MED with B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), comprising a low proportion (<6%) of the samples collected. For all field populations, avermectin was the most effective insecticide against adult B. tabaci, pyriproxyfen had a significant effect on B. tabaci eggs and field populations were susceptible to pymetrozine. Six field populations of B. tabaci have developed low-to-moderate resistance to neonicotinoids. The detoxifying enzyme activity of carboxylesterase, glutathione S-transferase, and multifunctional oxidase were quantified. Multifunctional oxidase and glutathione S-transferase activity were positively correlated with insecticide resistance in several B. tabaci populations.