Nonesuch phonemes in loanwords

Loanwords may or may not affect the phonological system of a language. Much of the loanword literature has focused on the adaptation of "foreign" contrasts to native systems; however, there are certain cases where languages appear to have borrowed new phonemes. We argue that loanwords alone cannot introduce a new phoneme into a language unless there are special circumstances. We examine three case studies of apparently borrowed "unusual" phonemic contrasts: Swiss German initial geminates, Bengali retroflex stops, and English voiced fricatives. In each case, we find that rather than the loanwords introducing brand-new phonemes, an existing allophonic alternation has become phonemic due to a large influx of loanwords. Thus, the phonology rather than the phonetics alone - marked or otherwise - dominates the absorption of loans.