RETRACTED: Associations of Changes in Intestinal Flora and Inflammatory Factors with Prognosis of Patients with Esophageal Cancer (Retracted Article)

This study aims to explore the associations of changes in intestinal flora and inflammatory factors with the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer (EC). A total of 40 EC patients treated and 40 normal people who underwent gastroscopy and CT examination for gastrointestinal discomfort during the same period were selected as the participants of the study. The endotoxin level, colonization ability of intestinal flora, and distribution of intestinal flora (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus) were compared between the two groups. The levels of inflammatory factors interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were also compared between the two groups. All participants were followed up for 3 years, and the associations of survival time with colonization ability of intestinal flora and changes in hsCRP were analyzed. Finally, the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed for related factors affecting the survival time of EC patients. In the observation group, the endotoxin level was significantly higher (P < 0.05), the colonization ability of intestinal flora was significantly weaker (P < 0.05), the levels of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were obviously lower (P < 0.05), and the levels of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus were obviously higher than those in the normal group (P < 0.05). Besides, the observation group had abnormal and evidently higher levels of IL-6, hs-CRP, and TNF-alpha than the normal group (P < 0.05). The survival time was positively correlated with the colonization ability of intestinal flora (P < 0.05), but negatively correlated with the changes in hs-CRP (P < 0.05). Moreover, the increased level of endotoxin, weakened colonization ability of intestinal flora, abnormal distribution of intestinal flora, and elevated levels of inflammatory factors were all related and independent risk factors affecting the survival time of EC patients. In EC patients, the endotoxin level markedly rises, the colonization ability of intestinal flora declines, and there are intestinal flora disorders and enhanced inflammatory response. With the decline in colonization ability of intestinal flora and the increase of inflammatory response, the survival time of EC patients will be shortened.