Breast Imaging in Special Populations: Indications and Findings in Pregnant and Lactating, Male, and Transgender Patients

Purpose of Review This article addresses how to approach patients in special populations who present to the radiology department with breast symptoms. Recent Findings We summarize updated guidelines on appropriate imaging and management of the most common causes of breast symptoms in pregnant or lactating patients, male patients, and transgender patients. There are special considerations that must be taken into account when working up breast symptoms in pregnant and lactating patients, male patients, and transgender patients. Normal clinical exam and imaging findings can mimic pathologic processes in these patient groups. It is important, therefore, for the radiologist to recognize the appropriate context in which to recommend a biopsy in order to avoid unnecessary intervention. This review will prepare the reader to select the most appropriate imaging modalities for work-up, form a differential diagnosis, and appropriately manage these patients.