Development and validation of an optimized finite element model of the human orbit

Introduction: The authors' main purpose was to develop a detailed finite element model (FEM) of the human orbit and to validate it by analyzing its behavior under the stress of blunt traumas. Materials and methods: A pre-existing 3D FEM of a human head was modified and used in this study. Modifications took into account preliminary research carried out on PubMed database. Data from a CT scan of the head were computed with Mimics (R) software to re-create the skull geometry. The mesh production, the model's properties and the simulations of blunt orbital traumas were conducted on Hyperworks (R) software. Results: The resulting 3D FEM was composed of 640 000 elements and was used to perform blunt trauma simulations on an intact orbit. A total of 27 tests were simulated. Fifteen tests were realized with a metallic cylinder impactor; 12 tests simulated a hit by a closed fist. In all the tests conducted (27/27), the orbital floor was fractured. Fracture patterns were similar to those found in real clinical situations according to the buckling and hydraulic theories of orbital floor fractures. Discussion: The similitude between the fracture patterns produced on the model and those observed in vivo allows for a validation of the model. This model constitutes, at the authors knowledge, the most sophisticated one ever developed. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.