Electron paramagnetic resonance study of honeybee Apis mellifera abdomens

Although ferromagnetic material has been detected in Apis mellifera abdomens and identified as suitable for magnetic reception, physical and magnetic properties of these particles are still lacking. Electron paramagnetic resonance is used to study different magnetic materials in these abdomens. At least four iron structures are identified: isolated Fe3+ ions, amorphous FeOOH, isolated magnetite nanoparticles of about 3 x 10(2) nm(3) and 10(3) nm3 volumes, depending on the hydration degree of the sample, and aggregates of these particles. A low-temperature transition (52-91 K) was observed and the temperature dependence of the magnetic anisotropy constant of those particles was determined. These results imply that biomineralized magnetites are distinct from inorganic particles and the parameters presented are relevant for the refinement of magnetoreception models in honeybees.