Swirling flow effect in off-center immersion nozzle on bulk flow in billet continuous casting mold

It often occurs that setting up an immersion nozzle on the mold, nozzle axis does not coincide with the mold-axis. In this study, under the off-center nozzle with the mold-axis, bulk mold flow was investigated, and following issues were obtained: 1) For the case without swirl, the peak of the flow moves near the mold-wall with flowing down from the outlet of the nozzle due to the Coanda effect (shown in Appendix).(1)) On the other hand, peak of the flow moves near the mold-axis with flowing down from the nozzle-outlet within considerable short distance, namely axisymmetric velocity distribution can be obtained within very short distance from the nozzle-outlet. 2) The surface flow patterns between coaxial and off-center nozzles are quite different. The flow pattern with coaxial nozzle is axisymmetric and simple, while the flow from one side to other side can be observed, with off-center nozzle.