Glucose and glutamine metabolism in C6 glioma cells studied by carbon 13 NMR

The question as to whether glutamine and glucose are both required for optimal growth of glioma cells is studied through the role of these substrates on the metabolism of the cells. C6 rat glioma cells grow only very slowly when glutamine is omitted from the culture medium. The rates of glucose consumption and lactate production on confluent cells in glutamine free medium were 0.88 +/- 0.99 and 1.06 +/- 0.25 mu mol/h/mg protein, respectively. In the presence of 4 mM glutamine,,glucose utilization increased to 60% leading to a 45% increase of lactate production. We have studied the kinetics of enrichment of intracellular glutamate at C-2, C-3 and C-4 positions on cells incubated witt; 5 mM 99% enriched [1-C-13]glucose in the presence or the absence of glutamine in the incubation medium. The specific enrichments at metabolic steady state of all carbon positions were the same under both conditions, but we observed a significantly reduced rate of C-13 incorporation in the presence of glutamine, showing an isotopic dilution of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and indicating the use of this amino acid as an anaplerotic substrate. The fact that no dilution occurred at the level of pyruvate suggests strongly the lack of glutaminolysis in these cells. The main conclusion from this work is that glutamine metabolism in C6 cells appears complementary to that of glucose as far as energy production and carbon sources for the growing of the cells are concerned: glutamine is mainly utilized for anaplerosis as carbon donor to replenish the tricarboxylic acid cycle; it is not a substrate for energy metabolism. In contrast, glucose is poorly anaplerotic and is essentially used as energetic fuel by the C6 cells.