Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain: a potential diagnostic biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Neuroaxonal damage is a feature of various neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNfH) is a cytoskeletal structural protein released as a result of axonal damage into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and subsequently into the blood. Due to high specificity for neuronal cell damage, pNfH is advantageous over other biomarkers, for ALS disease identification. Here, we review the structure and function of neurofilaments and their role in detection of various neuro-degenerative conditions. In addition, a retrospective meta-analysis was performed to depict the significance of pNfH as a valuable diag-nostic and prognostic biomarker in ALS.