Aerosol chemistry and particle growth events at an urban downwind site in North China Plain

The North China Plain (NCP) has experienced frequent severe haze pollution events in recent years. While extensive measurements have been made in megacities, aerosol sources, processes, and particle growth at urban downwind sites remain less understood. Here, an aerosol chemical speciation monitor and a scanning mobility particle sizer, along with a suite of collocated instruments, were deployed at the downwind site of Xingtai, a highly polluted city in the NCP, for real-time measurements of submicron aerosol (PM1) species and particle number size distributions during May and June 2016. The average mass concentration of PM1 was 30.5 (+/- 19.4) mu g m(-3), which is significantly lower than that during wintertime. Organic aerosols (OAs) constituted the major fraction of PM1 (38 %), followed by sulfate (25 %) and nitrate (14 %). Positive matrix factorization with the multi-linear engine version 2 showed that oxygenated OA (OOA) was the dominant species in OA throughout the study, on average accounting for 78 % of OA, while traffic and cooking emissions both accounted for 11 % of OA. Our results highlight that aerosol particles at the urban downwind site were highly aged and mainly from secondary formation. However, the diurnal cycle also illustrated the substantial influence of urban emissions on downwind sites, which are characterized by similar pronounced early morning peaks for most aerosol species. New particle formation and growth events were also frequently observed (58 % of the time) on both clean and polluted days. Particle growth rates varied from 1.2 to 4.9 nm h(-1) and our results showed that sulfate and OOA played important roles in particle growth during clean periods, while OOA was more important than sulfate during polluted events. Further analyses showed that particle growth rates have no clear dependence on air mass trajectories.