Compilation and assessment of recent positive matrix factorization and UNMIX receptor model studies on fine particulate matter source apportionment for the eastern United States

In 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) revised its particulate matter standards to include an annual standard for fine particulate matter (PM,.,; 15 mu g/m(3)) and a 24-hr standard (65 mu g/m(3)). The 24-hr standard was lowered to 35 mu g/m(3) in 2006 in an effort to further reduce overall ambient PM2.1 concentrations. Identifying and quantifying sources of particulate matter affecting a particular location through source apportionment methods is now an important component of the information available to decision makers when evaluating the new standards. This literature compilation summarizes a subset of the source apportionment research and general findings on fine particulate matter in the eastern half of the United States using Positive Matrix Factorization. The results between studies are generally comparable when comparable datasets are used; however, methodologies vary considerably. Commonly identified source categories include: secondary sulfate/coal burning (sometimes over 50% of total mass), secondary organic carbon/mobile sources, crustal sources, biomass burning, nitrate, various industrial processes, and sea salt. The source apportionment tools and methodologies have passed the proof-of-concept stage and are now being used to understand the ambient composition of particulate matter for sites across the United States and the spatial relationship of sources to the receptor. Recommendations are made for further and standardized method development for source apportionment studies, and specific research areas of interest for the eastern United States are proposed.