Atomic force microscopy and near-field scanning optical microscopy measurements of single human retinal lipofuscin granules

Novel high-resolution microscopic techniques have been utilized to characterize the spatial distribution of orange emitting fluorophores, e.g., A2E, in lipofuscin granules isolated from human retinal pigment epithelium cells. Granules have been imaged using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). Near-field scanning optical microscopy images of Lipofuscin show that the orange fluorophores, including A2E, are not major components of the granule. These results suggest that the orange fluorophores may not be the dominant photoactive species in lipofuscin.