The Effect of Crocus sativus Extract on Human Lymphocytes' Cytokines and T Helper 2/T Helper 1 Balance

The effects of macerated extracts of Crocus sativus (Family Iridaceae) (saffron) on cell viability and cytokine release of stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and nonstimulated cells were examined. The effects of three concentrations of macerated extract, dexamethasone, and saline on cell viability and production of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were evaluated. In cells stimulated with PHA, different concentrations of the extract significantly inhibited cell viability of lymphocytes (P < .001 for all concentrations). High concentrations of the extract (500 mu g/mL) also inhibited secretion of IFN-gamma in stimulated cells and IL-10 secretion in both stimulated and nonstimulated cells (P < .05 for all cases). The effects of high and low concentrations of the extract (500 and 50 mu g/mL, respectively) on IL-4 secretion were lower than that of dexamethasone (P < .05 to P < .001). The extract showed a stimulatory effect on IFN-gamma and IL-4 secretion in nonstimulated cells. The ratios of IFN-gamma to IL-4 in the presence of all concentrations of saffron on stimulated cells were significantly higher than for the control group (P < .05 to P < .01). These results indicated that the extract of saffron leads to increased ratio of IFN-gamma to IL-4.