Improving quality of end-of-life care. A possible and necessary change

This article describes the phases of development and assessment of a continuous quality improvement program focused on hospital end-of-life care for cancer patients. Although most patients would like to die at home, a high proportion still die in hospital. Many studies showed non appropriate end-of-life care for patients dying in hospital and their families. During the last years, a number of hospital end-of-life pathways have been developed but only partially assessed. Among the different care pathways the most structured and proficient seems to be the Liverpool Care Pathway for the dying patient (LCP). Although it is currently in use in over 20 countries, evidence for its effectiveness are weak. The Medical Research Council framework has been used for designing the process of implementation and assessment of the Italian LCP Program for cancer patients dying in hospital. In the first step (preclinical and phase I) results from literature review have been used to develop the Italian version of the Program. Subsequently, LCP-I Program has been piloted in the Medical and Respiratory Disease wards of the "Villa Scassi Hospital" of Genoa by a Palliative Care Team (phase I-II). The implementation process has been assessed with a mixed model. Focus groups, performed on samples of doctors and nurses before and after the implementation of the LCP-I, showed a perception of effectiveness of the Program, particularly in pain management and in communication with patients and their families. Quantitative analyses, performed on consecutive series of cancer deaths before and after the introduction of the Program, allowed to test process and outcomes measures for assessing the quality of end-of-life care. According to the results from the previous phases, a cluster randomised trial was designed with the aim of assessing the effectiveness of the LCP-I Program in improving quality of end-of-life care (phase III). This study is ongoing and final results will be available by 2012. In conclusion, development and assesment of the LCP Program in Italy shows that it is possible to perform studies aimed at assessing complex interventions in end-of-life care.