Cybersecurity in industrial control systems: Issues, technologies, and challenges

Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) play an important role in today's industry by providing process automation, distributed control, and process monitoring. ICS was designed to be used in an isolated area or connected to other systems via specialised communication mechanisms or protocols. This setup allows manufacturers to manage their production processes with great flexibility and safety. However, this design does not meet today's business requirements to work with state-of-the-art technologies such as Internet-of-Things (IoT) and big data analytics. In order to fulfil industry requirements, many ICSs have been connected to enterprise networks that allow business users to access real-time data generated by power plants. At the same time, this new design opens up several cybersecurity challenges for ICSs. We review possible cyber attacks on ICSs, identify typical threats and vulnerabilities, and we discuss unresolved security issues with existing ICS cybersecurity solutions. Then, we discuss how to secure ICSs (e.g., using risk assessment methodologies) and other protection measures. We also identify open security research challenges for ICSs, and we present a classification of existing security solutions along with their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we provide future research directions in ICS security. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.