The first phase of the heavy ion physics program at the LHC aims to provide lead-lead collisions at energies of 5.5 TeV per colliding nucleon pair and ion-ion luminosity of 10(27) cm(-2)s(-1). The transformation of CERN's ion injector complex (Linac3-LEIR-PS-SPS) presents a number of beam physics and engineering challenges, which are described in this paper. In the LHC itself, there are fundamental performance limitations due to various beam loss mechanisms. To study these without risk of damage there will be an initial period of operation with a reduced number of nominal intensity bunches. While reducing the work required to commission the LHC with ions in 2008, this will still enable early physics discoveries.
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TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
Harvard Univ, Jefferson Phys Lab, Cambridge, MA 02138 USAUniv Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 USA
Morrissey, David E.
Plehn, Tilman
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Heidelberg Univ, Inst Theoret Phys, D-6900 Heidelberg, GermanyUniv Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 USA
Plehn, Tilman
Tait, Tim M. P.
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Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 USA
Northwestern Univ, Evanston, IL USA
Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USAUniv Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 USA