Internal waves and tides in the western Weddell Sea: Observations from Ice Station Weddell

The upper ocean current and temperature fields in the western Weddell Sea were measured from the drifting pack ice at Ice Station Weddell 1 (ISW) and nearby sites using a vertical profiler and an array of moored sensors in January-June 1992. These data document the structure and variability of the internal gravity wave field and tidal currents in this remote region. The variance of the internal wave continuum (f < frequency < N) at ISW was 0.2-0.6 of the Garrett-Munk (GM) universal level for the first 60 days, increasing to near GM levels during the final 10 days of the deployment. In contrast, the energy density at site C, 50 km west of ISW and farther up the continental slope, was always near GM levels. Variations may be due to a combination of spatial and temporal gradients of the internal wave field. At ISW, coherence between vertically separated sensors was used to estimate vertical wave number bandwidth. Energy and bandwidth estimates are compared with previous studies in both ice-covered and temperate oceans. Using our measurements of the internal wave field and existing parameterizations of mixing, ave estimate the vertical heat flux from the Warm Deep Water toward the surface. At ISW the upward heat flux due to mixing associated with the internal waves was about 1 W m(-2), much less than the 20 W m(-2) average flux required to balance the heat budget for the Weddell Gyre. Tidal currents contributed significantly to the total measured horizontal velocity variance. The tides were primarily barotropic and increased toward the west in both the semidiurnal and diurnal frequency bands. It is suggested that the stronger tidal currents to the west, over the shallower water of the upper continental slope, are indirectly responsible for the higher internal wave energy at site C relative to ISW.