Compounds, competition, and incremental word identification in spoken Cantonese

The majority of words in Cantonese are compounds, which seems likely to burden the process of identifying words in running speech. Cantonese is also a stress-timed language, which reduces the potential for durational contrasts to distinguish embedded constituents from self-standing words. The current study demonstrates the challenge of identifying words in spoken Cantonese. As a compound unfolds, listeners are more likely to consider an onset-embedded constituent as the intended word than the actual word they are hearing - a result that seems poorly adapted to the prevalence of compounds. However, the results also show these challenges are offset by sentence-based cues, such as those provided by noun classifiers. This occurs despite variability in classifier-noun pairings and the fact that adult speakers often show incomplete mastery of these pairings. Together the results demonstrate how even highly biased cases of lexical competition are overcome by sentence-level constraints that may be only moderate in strength.