It is necessary to give a deep dissection of the poverty characteristics and causes in Inner Mongolia so that develop practical anti-poverty policies and measures. The paper uses the method of fieldwork and went to twelve poverty-stricken counties in Inner Mongolia and Inner Mongolia Poverty Alleviation Office, to collect information and data volume which reflects the poverty of Inner Mongolia. After finishing the analysis, it summarizes some poor characteristics like a wide range of poverty, deep poverty, ethnic minority population in poverty, a serious back into poverty and poverty in the complexity of its causes and so on. Meanwhile, depth analysis also found that the main poverty reasons of Inner Mongolia is from the fragile ecological environment, the shortage of natural resources, weak infrastructure, single economic structure, lack of funds, low quality of labor force, narrow channels of income and high living expenses and so on.