Stabilization of the external kink and control of the resistive wall mode in tokamaks

One promising approach to maintaining stability of high beta tokamak plasmas is the use of a conducting wall near the plasma to stabilize low-n ideal magnetohydrodynamic instabilities. However, with a resistive wall, either plasma rotation or active feedback control is required to stabilize the more slowly growing resistive wall modes (RWMs). Previous experiments have demonstrated that plasmas with a nearby conducting wall can remain stable to the n=1 ideal external kink above the beta limit predicted with the wall at infinity. Recently, extension of the wall stabilized lifetime tau(L) to more than 30 times the resistive wall time constant tau(w) and detailed, reproducible observation of the n=1 RWM have been possible in DIII-D [Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion Research (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1986), p. 159] plasmas above the no-wall beta limit. The DIII-D measurements confirm characteristics common to several RWM theories. The mode is destabilized as the plasma rotation at the q=3 surface decreases below a critical frequency of 1-7 kHz (similar to 1% of the toroidal Alfven frequency). The measured mode growth times of 2-8 ms agree with measurements and numerical calculations of the dominant DIII-D vessel eigenmode time constant tw. From its onset, the RWM has little or no toroidal rotation (omega(mode) less than or equal to tau(w)(-1) much less than omega(plasma)), and rapidly reduces the plasma rotation to zero. These slowly growing RWMs can in principle be destabilized using external coils controlled by a feedback loop. In this paper, the encouraging results from the first open loop experimental tests of active control of the RWM, conducted in DIII-D, are reported. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S1070-664X(99)92705-2].