Indicators are used to draw conclusions about ecological endpoints when these endpoints cannot be measured directly. In many cases, inferences about an endpoint are only possible because assumptions have been made about the relationship between indicator and endpoint; we refer to such indicators as judgement indicators. The validity of inferences made using a judgement indicator can be gauged by examining the known or assumed form of the general relationship between indicator and endpoint. The rules for this kind of inference are a consequence of scale invariance, which originates from measurement theory. For simple indicators comprised of a single indicator measurement, the inferences allowed - equivalence, rank, equality of intervals, and equality of ratios - depend on whether the data are nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scaled. For composite indicators containing two or more simple indicators, inferences are also affected by the mathematical form of combination; e.g., whether the terms are summed or multiplied. Standardizing simple or composite indicators can allow inferences about the relative importance of observations, based on the natural range of occurrence. Scale invariance is a particularly important consideration in landscape assessments, since these often make use of judgement indicators.
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Univ British Columbia, Fac Med, Sch Populat & Publ Hlth, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Fac Med, Sch Populat & Publ Hlth, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
Memetovic, Jasmina
Ratner, Pamela A.
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Univ British Columbia, Fac Med, Sch Populat & Publ Hlth, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
Univ British Columbia, Fac Sci Appl, Sch Nursing, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Fac Med, Sch Populat & Publ Hlth, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
Ratner, Pamela A.
Richardson, Christopher G.
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Univ British Columbia, Fac Med, Sch Populat & Publ Hlth, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Fac Med, Sch Populat & Publ Hlth, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Univ Vienna, Fac Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
Univ Vienna, Ctr Computat Mat Sci, A-1090 Vienna, AustriaUniv Vienna, Fac Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
Hummel, Felix
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Kresse, Georg
Dyre, Jeppe C.
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Roskilde Univ, DNRF Ctr Glass & Time, IMFUFA, Dept Sci, DK-4000 Roskilde, DenmarkUniv Vienna, Fac Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
Dyre, Jeppe C.
Pedersen, Ulf R.
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Roskilde Univ, DNRF Ctr Glass & Time, IMFUFA, Dept Sci, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Theoret Phys, A-1040 Vienna, AustriaUniv Vienna, Fac Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria