[1] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Ctr Atmospher Particle Studies, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
[2] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
[3] Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
[4] Aerodyne Res Inc, Billerica, MA 01821 USA
[5] Int Council Clean Transportat, Washington, DC 20005 USA
[6] Ohio State Univ, Dept Civil Environm & Geodet Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA