Calculation of the dose distribution in water from Ge-71 K-shell x-rays

The dose distribution in water from Ge-71 K-shell x-rays (E-ave = 9.44 keV) was calculated for various source configurations using both analytic and EGS4 Monte Carlo calculations. The point source kernel and the buildup factor are presented. The buildup factor for a point source in water has been found to increase up to about 1.1 as radial distance approaches 1 cm. Comparison between Ge-71 and Sr-90/Y shows a similarity between their relative dose distribution in water. The dose distribution from a disc source was calculated using the EGS4 code and compared with the results from analytic calculation. Excellent agreement was observed, confirming the validity of analytic calculations. The dose rate at 0.01 cm from a Ge-71 disc source was calculated to be about 1.3 x 10(-5) Gy MBq(-1) s(-1). Based on the results from this study, Ge-71 activity of the order of 3.7 x 10(10) Bq (-1 Ci) might be necessary to obtain dose rates typical of Sr-90/Y ophthalmic applicators. The possibility of using Ge-71 as a source of radioactive stents was also investigated. A Ge-71 stent was modelled as a cylindrical shell source and the dose rates were determined by Monte Carlo calculations. Some calculated results are compared with published values for a P-32-coated stent. The dose rate at 0.01 cm from a Ge-71 stent has been calculated to be about 6.5 x 10(-3) Gy MBq(-1) h(-1), which is much lower than the reported dose rate at the same distance from a P-32-coated stent. However, an initial source activity of the order of 3.7 x 10(7) Bq (similar to 1 mCi) would easily result in a typical target dose (similar to 24 Gy) needed for intravascular stent applications. In conclusion, Ge-71 sources could be used as alternatives to beta sources and, unlike high-energy (similar to MeV) beta sources, may provide easily predictable dose distributions in heterogeneous media and low dose rates, which might be beneficial for some clinical applications.