Predicting Collegiate Wind Players' Practice Efficiency, Flow, and Self-Efficacy for Self-Regulation: An Exploratory Study of Relationships Between Teachers' Instruction and Students' Practicing

The purpose of this study was to determine whether students' practice efficiency, flow during practicing, and self-efficacy for self-regulation varied as a function of their practice tendencies, their tendencies toward self-evaluation, their self-regulatory tendencies to be self-reflective when practicing, tendencies to exhibit grit in their learning, and their teachers' methods of instruction in practicing. Participants were 52 studio lesson teachers and 241 of their students from 25 large collegiate music programs in the United States. Both the teachers and students represented a diverse range of instruments: flute, oboe, bassoon, clarinet, saxophone, French horn, trumpet, trombone, euphonium, and tuba. The data for this study were self-reports collected via online questionnaires. Findings indicated that of the five predictor variables examined, only twostudents' tendencies to exhibit grit in their learning and their tendencies to be reflective about their practicingwere consistently related to the three outcome variables. Furthermore, all outcome variables were significantly related to one another.