Crustal structure of the northern Manila subduction zone: Is thinned continental crust or oceanic crust subducting beneath the Luzon arc and forearc?

Forward and inverse P-wave velocity models along an E-W 280-km-long wide-angle reflection/refraction profile at 21 degrees N across the northeastern South China Sea margin and Manila subduction zone reveal a 10-12 km thick thinned continental crust (TCC) located west of the Manila transcurrent fault (MTF) and Manila slab. The TCC is divided in two parts separated by the intra-continental velocity difference boundary (VDB). West of the VDB, the TCC is located above a high velocity layer (HVL). East of the VDB, the TCC consists of three layers: an undefined body with a velocity inversion at its base above the upper and lower crusts. The VDB and MTF merge east of the Hengchun peninsula showing that the TCC located east of the VDB decreases in size and disappears to the north. The distribution of earthquakes (EQs) shows that-80 km of crust have subducted east of the MTF since the onset of Luzon arc collision with Eurasia at-7 Ma. All published tomographies suggest the subduction of oceanic crust (OC). However, due to crustal corrections, up to a maximum width of 40 km of TCC might eventually exist in the upper part of the Manila slab instead of OC. Two end-members with 40 km of TCC or not in the upper part of the Manila slab were restored at-7 Ma. Since that time, the north Luzon island moved-600 km in the northwest while part of this motion was absorbed near the Hengchun peninsula by shrinking of Eurasia TCC, resulting in a -20 degrees clockwise rotation of the Manila slab and MTF. Small Luzon arc blocks started to rotate 10 degrees -30 degrees clockwise at-7 Ma below northern Taiwan, 3-4 Ma in the Coastal range and 1 Ma in Lutao and Lanyu islands and not south of the Hengchun peninsula. Thus, both the clockwise rotation of the individual Luzon arc blocks and of the Manila slab and MTF might explain the collision process of the Luzon arc with the Eurasia continent.