Colour associations have been analysed indirectly by a study of oral traditions and legends, using methods developed in structural anthropology. Colours were considered, not in isolation, but mainly in contrasting pairs or in sequences. It was found that a specific colour could have different associations in different conditions, and that generally the associations were more abstract than concrete. In surviving woollen rugs and felts and silk embroideries, colours appear to be linked with availability of dyes rather than symbolism. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.