Review of univariate standard addition calibration procedures in flow analysis

The calibration procedures related to the standard addition method and used in flow analysis are critically reviewed. All examples met in the literature are considered with respect to their facilities for overcoming the interferences. It is disclosed that the flow techniques give a chance to add the standard(s) to a sample by different manners allowing the analytical result to be calculated by either interpolative or extrapolative way. However, from among various calibration procedures those of extrapolative character are distinguished as they are exclusively able to compensate the multiplicative interference effect in wide range of the interferent(s) concentration. It is also shown how the flow standard addition approaches can be employed to solve different analytical problems and on the other hand-why some of them reveal limited usefulness for calibration purposes. The particular groups of calibration procedures are compared with each other and discussed in terms of their analytical performance.