Upconversion nanotubes with tunable fluorescence properties based on Gd2O2S:Ln3+(Ln3+ = Yb3+, Er3+) and derivatives for photodynamic therapy

In this study, Gd2O2S:Ln(3+)(Ln(3+) = Yb3+, Er3+) upconversion nanotubes (UCNTs) were synthesised by using Gd(OH)(3):Ln(3+)(Ln(3+) = Yb3+, Er3+) nanotubes as the template. The luminescent and biological properties of Gd2O2S:Ln(3+)(Ln(3+) = Yb3+, Er3+) UCNTs, along with photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications of the Gd2O2S:8%Yb3+,2%Er3+UCNT-Ce6 (chlorin e6) nanocomposites, were systematically studied. The resultant UCNTs showed excellent biocompatibility with human retinal pigment cells (ARPE-19) even after a prolonged incubation time of 72 h, and could be used as luminescent probes. Microscopic imaging revealed that the UCNTs existed mainly in cytoplasm. PDT studies on the Gd2O2S:8%Yb3+,2%Er3+UCNT-Ce6 nanocomposites indicate that the growth of the tumour (cell) could be inhibited dramatically when it was injected (incubated) with Gd2O2S:8%Yb3+,2%Er3+UCNT-Ce6 nanocomposites under the irradiation of 980 nm laser.