Event-related potentials and picture-word naming: Effects of attention and semantic relation for children and adults

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from children, 9 to 13 years of age, while they named words and pictures. The words and pictures were presented individually and in superimposed picture-word pairs in which the meaning of the words and pictures was either congruent, semantically associated, or incongruent. Both words and pictures elicited large amplitude negative waves (N450) at anterior electrode sites. The amplitude of this N450 wave was larger for individually presented pictures than for words. N450 amplitude was also larger when naming pictures than when naming words in the superimposed arrays, an effect that is attributed to differences in attentional demand required to name pictures rather than to exogenous stimulus characteristics. No significant effects of semantic incongruity were observed. These ERP waveforms for children differ from those observed for adults who exhibited positive amplitude waves to individually presented pictures and who also exhibited semantic incongruity effects.