The influence of testing angle on the biomechanical properties of the rat supraspinatus tendon

Rotator cuff tears are a common shoulder pathology. The rat supraspinatus tendon model is commonly employed for preclinical assessment of rotator cuff pathology or regeneration. However, there is a lack of a standardized biomechanical testing protocol; previous studies have tested the tendon at abduction angles ranging from -15 degrees to 90 degrees. This study aimed to assess the effect of abduction/testing angle on the biomechanical properties of the rat supraspinatus tendon. Fourty-eight shoulders (n=12/group) from healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to 4 testing angle groups: 0 degrees (corresponding to 90 degrees abduction), 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees (0 degrees abduction). Biomechanical testing of the supraspinatus was performed, consisting of stress-relaxation and load-to-failure. Mechanical properties were calculated, and nonlinear tensile modeling was performed via the Quasilinear Viscoelastic (QLV) and Structurally Based Elastic (SBE) models. Results indicate that testing angle significantly affects supraspinatus tendon biomechanics. Stiffness and modulus significantly decreased with increasing testing angle (stiffness: 20.93 +/- 5.8 N/mm at 0 degrees vs. 6.12 +/- 1.0 N/mm at 90 degrees, P <.001; modulus: 59.51 +/- 34.0 MPa at 0 degrees vs. 22.37 +/- 7.4 MPa at 90 degrees, P=.002). Testing angle correlated significantly to ultimate strain, yield strain, and all coefficients of the SBE and QLV models, implying differences in collagen fiber crimp patterns and viscoelastic behavior as a function of testing angle. These results suggest that differences in testing methodology, in particular testing angle, significantly affect the measured mechanical properties of the supraspinatus tendon. Future studies may consider utilizing testing angles of 0 degrees-30 degrees, at which tendon stiffness is maximized, and full standardization of rat rotator cuff testing protocols is necessary. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.