Origin and re-Os geochronology of vein bitumen in the Nanpanjiang basin, SW China: Implication for the ore-forming age of Carlin-type gold deposits

The Nanpanjiang basin has the second-largest concentration of Carlin-type gold deposits in the world. Although significant progress has been made during the past two decades, the age of gold mineralization has not been well constrained. Field observation shows that these gold deposits are spatially associated with hydrocarbon reservoirs. At the Lannigou gold deposit, solid bitumens exist as films within structural fractures and cut through the orebodies, indicating that these bitumens formed after gold mineralization. In this work, we systematically studied bitumen reflectance (Rb), trace element, carbon isotope, and Re-Os isotopic compositions. These results show that these bitumens have high Rb values ranging from 2.40 to 2.71, indicating that they are high-maturity pyrobitumen. Trace element analysis reveals that bitumens in the deposit have high V/Ni, V/(V + Ni), and Zr/Sc ratios, but low Ni/Co, La/Sc ratios, and exhibit relatively flat rare-earth element (REE) patterns with no obvious Ce or Eu anomalies, comparable to the corresponding elemental ratios and REE patterns of Permian source rocks in the region. These bitumens also have similar delta 13C values (-24.4 %o to -23.8 %o, mean = -24.1 %o) to the Permian source rocks (-22.4 %o to 24.7 %o, mean = -23.6 %o), indicating that they originate from the Permian source rocks. Five bitumen samples cut through the orebody yield a well-defined isochron age of 173 +/- 6 Ma, indicating that the Lannigou gold deposit formed before this time. Our new data, combined with previously published geochronological data, suggest that the majority of Carlin-type gold deposits in the Nanpanjiang basin were mineralized at late Triassic to early Jurassic. The Re-Os data of this study also imply that the bitumen Re-Os chronometer has a large potential to constrain the timing of metal mineralization in low-temperature hydrothermal deposits.