Spinal Mobilization and Manipulation in Horses

The clinical indications for spinal mobilization and manipulation include pain, stiffness, muscle hypertonicity, lameness, and poor performance. Future studies need to establish quantitative and qualitative methods to specifically evaluate the effects of mobilization and manipulation, incorporate adequate control groups, provide long-term follow-up, and include evaluation of appendicular articulations.(32) Optimal technique indications and dosages also need to be help establish clinical guidelines and tiered treatment recommends for horses with axial skeleton pain and dysfunction.