Europe and an inter-dependent world: Uneven geo-economic and geo-political developments

This paper examines some of the main geo-economic and geo-political inter-dependencies which are structuring Europe's relations with the wider world and how various European and European Union (EU) policy frameworks work to create relations of increasing yet uneven inter-dependency between Europe and that wider world. The paper begins with an examination of the economic and financial crisis and its role in transmitting crisis across inter-dependent space, and the consequences for political and urban struggles across Europe and beyond. This is followed by discussion of the entanglement of Europe with the forces which gave rise to the so-called "Arab Spring" in North Africa and the Middle East. The paper then turns to a discussion of the relocation of economic activity outside of Europe to "emerging economies", of geographical shifts within Europe of elements of value chains in order to cope with increasing competitive pressures from other parts of the global economy by reducing labour costs but ensuring proximity to the main EU markets, and the emergence of new economic players with their origins in emerging economies within European value chains. The paper concludes with a consideration of the primary geo-economic and geo-political dimensions structuring Europe's urban and regional inter-dependencies with the wider world.