Marine protected areas provide unfished reference information to empirically assess fishery status

Fisheries stock assessments typically determine stock-status using estimates of unfished biomass generated from fisheries dependent data. Due to limitations and biases in these data, modelled unfished estimates are reliant on assumptions regarding stock ecology. This can lead to a high degree of uncertainty in estimates of unfished biomass and can compromise sustainable management. We propose using the biomass of exploited species in no -take marine protected areas (marine reserves) as a proxy for unfished biomass to empirically assess stock status. Marine reserves provide contemporary examples of exploited populations in the absence of fishing under current conditions. Using lobster (Jasus edwardsii) potting and diver-based survey data from 2018 and 2019 we calcu-lated fisheries relevant metrics from inside and outside two north-eastern New Zealand marine reserves. Based on marine reserve reference points, we found spawning stock catch rates and biomass of lobster in adjacent fished areas were 3 % and 2 % of unfished levels. Comparability of potting and dive survey estimates validates using dive survey data to estimate stock status, while differences in population information between survey methods highlights the limited ability of catch data to accurately inform on sub-legal abundances. Overall, our fisheries -independent approach suggests the fished population is at lower levels than latest estimates for the wider fishery and demonstrates how marine reserves can provide information on key parameters which can be incorporated into traditional stock assessments. Planning for future marine reserves should consider the value of such areas as tools to help manage fisheries in addition to protecting exploited species.