Aquatic toxicity of cationic surfactants to Daphnia magna

被引:10
|
作者
Roberts, D. W. [1 ]
Roberts, J. F. [2 ]
Hodges, G. [2 ]
Gutsell, S. [2 ]
Ward, R. S. [3 ]
Llewellyn, C. [3 ]
机构
[1] Liverpool John Moores Univ, Liverpool L3 5UX, Merseyside, England
[2] Unilever Colworth, Safety & Environm Assurance Ctr, Bedford, England
[3] Univ Wales Swansea, Swansea, W Glam, Wales
关键词
hydrophobicity; log P; quaternary ammonium; membrane partitioning; narcosis; QSAR;
D O I
10.1080/1062936X.2013.781538
中图分类号
O6 [化学];
学科分类号
0703 ;
摘要
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modelling of aquatic toxicity for cationic surfactants has received limited attention despite the fact that surfactants of this type are generally more toxic than predicted by general narcosis or polar narcosis equations. Here we report measurement of log P for three types of aromatic quaternary ammonium halides at sub-micellar concentrations, refinement of earlier rules for log P calculation, and development of a hydrophobicity based QSAR, using both calculated and measured log P values, for the aquatic toxicity of quaternary ammonium halides to Daphnia magna. The QSAR for cationics has a substantially larger intercept than the log P-based QSARs for nonionic and anionic surfactants. This is rationalised in terms of the head group interactions with membrane phospholipid in a two-dimensional partitioning model. The effect of the positive nitrogen on the log P contributions of methylene groups along alkyl chains varies, depending on the other groups bonded to the positive nitrogen. We propose a mechanistic explanation, but until these effects can be put on a more predictable quantitative basis it is recommended that, for quaternaries other than the three types discussed here, calculated log P values should not be relied on and experimental values should be determined, e.g. for prediction of toxicity by the QSAR equation reported here.
引用
收藏
页码:683 / 693
页数:11
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