Hepatitis B serological changes following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Hepatitis B (HBV) reverse seroconversion (RS) in immunocompromised patients with serological evidence of past HBV infection (hepatitis B surface antigen [sAg] negative, core antibody [cAb] positive) has been reported with increasing frequency following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT). We performed a retrospective review of serial HBV serological testing in patients who had undergone allo-HSCT at our center between 2000 and 2006. We identified 12 patients with serological evidence of past HBV, including 1 case of RS. Although 7 of these 12 patients had no changes in serological markers detected after transplantation, 5 of them had declining levels of hepatitis B surface antibodies [sAb], with 2 to < 10 IU/mL. The remaining 4 patients with past HBV had loss of antiHBcAb. An additional 14 patients developed isolated antiHBcAb post allo-HSCT in the setting of receiving HBV screened (HBsAg, antiHBcAb) negative donor stem cells. Monitoring of HBV serological markers (including antiHBsAb) and HBV DNA levels pre allo-HSCT in recipients and donors, and post allo-SCT in recipients, would allow early detection and treatment of RS and identify new acquisition of HBV.