Tyramine exerts hypolipidemic and anti-obesity effects in vivo

Obesity and dyslipidemia are conditions often associated with cardiovascular risk, inflammation, oxidative stress, and death. Thus, a new approach has been highlighted to promote research and development of pharmacological tools derived from natural sources. Among the most widely studied groups of substances, polyphenols such as tyramine stand out. This study investigated hypolipidemic and anti-obesity properties of tyramine. Oral toxicity evaluation, models of dyslipidemia and obesity were used. To induce dyslipidemia, Poloxamer-407 (P-407) was administered intraperitoneally. In the hypercholesterolemic and obesity model, specific diet and oral tyramine were provided. After 24h of P-407 administration, tyramine 2 mg/kg (T2) decreased triglycerides (TG) (2057.0 +/- 158.5 mg/dL vs. 2838 +/- 168.3 mg/dL). After 48h, TG were decreased by T2 (453.0 +/- 35.47 vs. 760.2 +/- 41.86 mg/dL) and 4 mg/kg (T4) (605.8 +/- 26.61 760.2 +/- 41.86 mg/dL). T2 reduced total cholesterol (TC) after 24h (309.0 +/- 11.17 mg/dL vs. 399.7 +/- 15.7 mg/dL); After 48h, 1 mg/kg (T1) (220.5 +/- 12.78 mg/dL), T2 (205.8 +/- 7.1 mg/dL) and T4 (216.8 +/- 12.79 mg/dL), compared to P-407 (275.5 +/- 12.1 mg/dL). The treatment decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and nitrite in liver, increased superoxide dismutase, reduced the diet-induced dyslipidemia, decreasing TC around 15%. Tyramine reduced body mass, glucose, and TC after hypercaloric feed. Treatment with 5 mg/L (0.46 +/- 0.04 ng/dL) and 10 mg/L (0.44 +/- 0.02 ng/dL) reduced plasma insulin (1.18 +/- 0.23 ng/dL). Tyramine increased adiponectin at 5 mg/L (1.02 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.83 +/- 0.02 ng/mL) and 10mg/L (0.96 +/- 0.04 ng/mL). In conclusion, tyramine has low toxicity in rodents, has antioxidant effect, reduces plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels. However, further studies should be conducted in rodents and non-rodents to better understand the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of tyramine.