Producing high resistivity water using product staged reverse osmosis

Product-staged reverse osmosis (RO) is commonly used as art of an overall water system in the production of ultrapure water for pharmaceutical, electronics and power applications. While RO does an excellent job of removing dissolved salts, it does not remove gases that are often present in the feed, making production of high-resistivity water a considerable challenge. This paper discusses the effects of feed water characteristics, pretreatment equipment, RO system operation, and RO membrane selection on two-pass RO performance.