Climate Change, Marine Environments, and the U.S. Endangered Species Act

被引:17
|
作者
Seney, Erin E. [1 ,2 ]
Rowland, Melanie J. [3 ]
Lowery, Ruth Ann [4 ]
Griffis, Roger B. [1 ]
McClure, Michelle M. [5 ]
机构
[1] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Sci & Technol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
[2] Erin Seney Consulting LLC, Woodbridge, VA 22192 USA
[3] NOAA, Off Gen Counsel, NW Sect, Seattle, WA USA
[4] NOAA, Off Gen Counsel, Fisheries & Protected Resources Sect, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
[5] NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
关键词
anadromous species; critical habitat; environmental assessment; imperiled species; interagency consultation; ocean acidification; recovery plan; uncertainty; CONSERVATION; BIODIVERSITY; ASSESSMENTS; SCENARIOS; IMPACTS; SCIENCE;
D O I
10.1111/cobi.12167
中图分类号
X176 [生物多样性保护];
学科分类号
090705 ;
摘要
Climate change is expected to be a top driver of global biodiversity loss in the 21st century. It poses new challenges to conserving and managing imperiled species, particularly in marine and estuarine ecosystems. The use of climate-related science in statutorily driven species management, such as under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), is in its early stages. This article provides an overview of ESA processes, with emphasis on the mandate to the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to manage listed marine, estuarine, and anadromous species. Although the ESA is specific to the United States, its requirements are broadly relevant to conservation planning. Under the ESA, species, subspecies, and distinct population segments may be listed as either endangered or threatened, and taking of most listed species (harassing, harming, pursuing, wounding, killing, or capturing) is prohibited unless specifically authorized via a case-by-case permit process. Government agencies, in addition to avoiding take, must ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or conduct are not likely to jeopardize a listed species' continued existence or adversely affect designated critical habitat. Decisions for which climate change is likely to be a key factor include: determining whether a species should be listed under the ESA, designating critical habitat areas, developing species recovery plans, and predicting whether effects of proposed human activities will be compatible with ESA-listed species' survival and recovery. Scientific analyses that underlie these critical conservation decisions include risk assessment, long-term recovery planning, defining environmental baselines, predicting distribution, and defining appropriate temporal and spatial scales. Although specific guidance is still evolving, it is clear that the unprecedented changes in global ecosystems brought about by climate change necessitate new information and approaches to conservation of imperiled species. El Cambio Climatico, los Ecosistemas Marinos y el Acta Estadunidense de Especies en Peligro Resumen Se espera que el cambio climatico sea un principal conductor de la perdida de biodiversidad global en el siglo 21. Esto proporciona nuevos retos para la conservacion y el manejo de especies en peligro, particularmente en ecosistemas marinos y estuarinos. El uso de ciencias relacionadas con el cambio climatico en el manejo de especies estatutarios, como bajo el Acta Estadunidense de Especies en Peligro (ESA), se encuentra en sus fases iniciales. Este articulo proporciona un analisis de los procesos de ESA, con enfasis en los mandatos al Servicio Nacional de Pesqueras Marinas (NMFS) para enlistar especies marinas, estuarinas y anadromas. Aunque la ESA es especifica de los Estados Unidos, sus requerimientos en general son relevantes para la planificacion de la conservacion. Bajo la ESA, las especies, subespecies y segmentos distintivos de la poblacion pueden enlistarse como en peligro o amenazadas, y la colecta de la mayoria de los especies enlistadas (molestar, danar, perseguir, herir, matar o capturar) esta prohibida a menos que sea autorizada especificamente por un proceso de permiso caso-por-caso. Las agencias gubernamentales, ademas de evitar la colecta, deben asegurar que las acciones que patrocinan, autorizan o llevan a cabo no pongan en peligro la existencia continua de una especie enlistada ni afecten negativamente habitat criticos designados. Las decisiones para las cuales el cambio climatico probablemente sea considerado un factor clave incluyen: determinar si una especie deberia estar enlistada bajo la ESA, designar areas de habitat critico, desarrollar planes de recuperacion de especies, y predecir si los efectos de actividades humanas propuestas pueden ser compatibles con la supervivencia y recuperacion de especies enlistadas en ESA. Los analisis cientificos que subyacen estas decisiones criticas para la conservacion incluyen estudios de riesgo, planeacion de recuperacion a largo plazo, definir las bases ambientales y definir escalas temporales y espaciales apropiadas. Aunque la orientacion especifica todavia esta evolucionando, esta claro que los cambios sin precedentes en los ecosistemas globales causados por el cambio climatico necesitan informacion nueva y nuevas aproximaciones para la conservacion de especies en peligro.
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页码:1138 / 1146
页数:9
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