Compatibility study between 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide and some high explosives by thermal and nonthermal techniques

This project evaluated the compatibility of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) with some common high explosives, for the development of LLM-105-based composite explosives or propellants. Both thermal techniques [differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vacuum stability test (VST)], and supplementary nonthermal techniques [Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD)] were used to evaluate the possible interactions between LLM-105 and selected high explosives including cyclotetramethylenetetranitroamine (HMX), 3,4-dinitrofurazanfuroxan (DNTF) and hexanitrohexazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). DSC results suggested that LLM-105/HMX and LLM-105/DNTF mixtures had a degree of incompatibility. The results of VST trials revealed that HMX and CL-20 were compatible with LLM-105. Both supplementary FTIR and XRD results confirmed the DSC results of LLM-105/HMX and LLM-105/DNTF. Analyses with all used methods have demonstrated the incompatibility for LLM-105/DNTF.