Deep Learning in Urological Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks: An Artificial Intelligence Study

Objective: Using artificial intelligence and a deep learning algorithm can differentiate vesicoureteral reflux and hydronephrosis reliably. Material and Methods: An online dataset of vesicoureteral reflux and hydronephrosis images were abstracted. We developed image analysis and deep learning workflow. The images were trained to distinguish between vesicoureteral reflux and hydronephrosis. The discriminative capability was quantified using receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. We used Scikit learn to interpret the model. Results: Thirty-nine of the hydronephrosis and 42 of the vesicoureteral reflux images were abstracted from an online dataset. First, we randomly divided the images into training and validation. In this example, we put 68 cases into training and 13 into validation. We did inference on 2 cases and in return their predictions were predicted: [[0.00006]] hydronephrosis, predicted: [[0.99874]] vesicoureteral reflux on 2 test cases. Conclusion: This study showed a high-level overview of building a deep neural network for urological image classification. It is concluded that using artificial intelligence with deep learning methods can be applied to differentiate all urological images.