Regulatory lymphocytes: A new cooperation between T and B cells for a better control of the immune response

Mechanims of peripheral tolerance include molecular controls and the presence of regulatory lymphocytes. Regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) correspond to different sub-populations of T cells that control immune responses due to the production of cytokines, such as IL-10 and with direct cell-to-cell contacts. Tregs targets are antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes but also effector antibody-producing B lymphocytes. Regulatory B lymphocytes (Bregs) have been more recently described and likely represent different sub-populations of B cells that control the development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases due to the production of IL-10 and using intercellular contacts. Bregs targets encompass all the cells involved in the immune responses which are thus under a dual control by regulatory lymphocytes. Development and efficient activity of Tregs appear dependent of Bregs for a better regulation of autoimmune reactions, of anti-infectious reactions, but also of anti-tumor reactions.