Economic dispatch of distribution network with inn for electric vehicles and photovoltaic

Inn for electric vehicles (EVs) and photovoltaic (PV) is a typical integration of EVs locally consuming renewable energy sources (RES), with features of EV charging, energy storage, and RES consumption. In the existing research works, scholars focus on the energy storage system (ESS) as a medium to charge EVs and send back the power to the utility grid and alleviating the information asymmetry between EV owners and grid dispatching agencies with lower costs of distribution network. In this study, a mixed operational mode based on inn for EV and PV with a replaceable EV battery is analysed. The fragmented energy transferring can shift the load more effectively, balance fluctuation of RES, of great significance to optimise the operation of distribution network system. In summary, a comprehensive model of power flow in distribution network with inn for EV and PV is proposed. Based on an improved IEEE 33-node case, the effects of fragmented energy management mode are analysed. Numerical results show that replacing the full-charged battery for EV is more effective for peak load time-shifting and improving consuming of RES power based on the interaction among RES, ESS, and the replaceable EV battery.