Ractopamine hydrochloride induces behavioral alterations and oxidative status imbalance in zebrafish

The occurrence of ractopamine (RAC) hydrochloride in water bodies is of significant concern due to its ecological impacts and toxicity to humans. RAC hydrochloride is a -adrenergic agonist drug used as a feed additive to (1) improve feed efficiency, (2) rate of weight gain, and (3) increase carcass leanness in animals raised for their meat. This drug is excreted by animals in urine and introduced into the environment affecting nontarget organisms including fish. In wastewater released from farms, RAC concentrations were detected from 0.124 mu g/L to 30.1 mu g/L, and in levels ranging from 1.3 x 10(-5) to 5.4 x 10(-4) g/L in watersheds. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of exposure to RAC at 0.1, 0.2, 0.85, 8.5, or 85 mu g/L dissolved in water on behavior and oxidative status in adult zebrafish. At 0.85 mu g/L, RAC treatment increased exploratory behavior of zebrafish; while at 8.5 mu g/L, decreased locomotor and exploratory activities were noted. With respect to oxidative stress biomarkers, results showed that RAC at 0.2 mu g/L induced lipid peroxidation and elevated total thiol content in zebrafish brain. All drug tested concentrations produced a fall in nonprotein thiol content. Finally, RAC at 0.85, 8.5, or 85 mu g/L increased catalase enzyme activity. Our results demonstrated that the exposure to RAC induced behavioral alterations and oxidative stress in zebrafish.