Three-Dimensional Structures by Two-Dimensional Vibrational Spectroscopy

The development of experiments that can generate molecular movies of changing chemical structures is a major challenge for physical chemistry. But to realize this dream, we not only need to significantly improve existing approaches but also must invent new technologies. Most of the known protein structures have been determined by X-ray diffraction and to lesser extent by NMR. Though powerful, X-ray diffraction presents limitations for acquiring time-dependent structures. In the case of NMR, ultrafast equilibrium dynamics might be inferred from line shapes, but the structures of conformations interconverting on such time scales are not realizable. This Account highlights two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2D IR), in particular the 2D vibrational echo, as an approach to time-resolved structure determination. We outline the use of the 2D IR method to completely determine the structure of a protein of the integrin family in a time window of few picoseconds. As a transmembrane protein, this class of structures has proved particularly challenging for the established structural methodologies of X-ray crystallography and NMR. We describe the challenges facing multidimensional spectroscopy and compare it with some other methods of structural biology. Then we succinctly discuss the basic principles of 20 IR methods as they relate to time domain and frequency domain experimental and theoretical properties required for protein structure determination. By means of the example of the transmembrane protein, we describe the essential aspects of combined carbon-13-oxygen-18 isotope labels to create vibrational resonance pairs that allow the determination of protein and peptide structures in motion. Finally, we propose a three-dimensional structure of the alpha IIb transmembrane homodimer that includes optimum locations of all side chains and backbone atoms of the protein.