Regulation of nuclear factor-κB in autoimmunity

Nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B transcription factors are pivotal regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses, and perturbations of NF-kappa B signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of immunological disorders. NF-kappa B is a well-known proinflammatory mediator, and its deregulated activation is associated with the chronic inflammation of autoimmune diseases. Paradoxically, NF-kappa B plays a crucial role in the establishment of immune tolerance, including both central tolerance and the peripheral function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Thus, defective or deregulated activation of NF-kappa B may contribute to autoimmunity and inflammation, highlighting the importance of tightly controlled NF-kappa B signaling. This review focuses on recent progress regarding NF-kappa B regulation and its association with autoimmunity.