Chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the medial compartment of the foot

Background: Chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the foot has been previously described. There has been debate over the exact number and location of compartments. The involvement of the medial compartment has been consistently described in case reports; however, there is little in the orthopaedic literature on the exact anatomy for the fasciotomy and the resultant long term outcomes. Materials and Methods: We present the results of five patients (seven feet) who were surgically treated by medial compartment decompression, releasing both superficial and deep fascial layers. There were three females and two males, average age of 23 (17 to 34) years. Decompression was bilateral in one, sequential in one, and unilateral in three. Three patients also had surgical treatment of chronic compartment syndrome elsewhere in their lower limbs. Results: Preoperative post exertional compartment pressure measurements were 67.8 (32 to 114) mm at I minute and 50.2 (28 to 97) mm at 5 minutes. At an average of 21 (9 to 57) month followup, all but one patient had significant relief of their symptoms. Conclusion: Chronic exertional compartment syndrome may affect multiple compartments in the lower limb of a single patient. When affecting the medial compartment of the foot, release of the superficial and deep fascia is a reliable treatment. It is safe to perform bilaterally and in association with other lower limb decompressions as required.