Agro-environmental evaluation of irrigation land II. Pollution induced by Bardenas Irrigation District (Spain)

It is difficult to quantify non-point contamination caused by irrigated agriculture. As continuation to the evaluation of water use on the scale of large irrigation districts, this second part seeks: (i) to quantify the mass of salt and nitrate exported by Bardenas Irrigation District included in the Arba basin (BID-Arba; 54,438 ha); (ii) to analyze the most influential factors; (iii) to propose agro-environmental contamination indices which can be incorporated into legislation. For this, salt and nitrate balances were carried out, assigning concentration values to each of the components of the water balance between 1 April 2004 and 30 September 2006. Saline and Nitrate Contamination Indices were also quantified which correct the mass of pollutants exported from irrigation return flows by geological and agronomic factors of the irrigation area studied. For the whole period of the study the exported mass of salt was 15 kg/(ha day), of which 65% came from geological materials in the area, 34% from irrigation water and only 1% from precipitation. As for exported nitrate, it was 76 g NO3--N/(ha day), only 25% of the quantities measured in other small basins (; 100 ha) of Bardenas district without re-use of drainage water for irrigation, but double the nitrate exported in other modern irrigation districts. Water and saline agro-environmental indices of BID-Arba resemble those of well-managed modern irrigation districts indicating little margin for improvement in water use and saline contamination. But, the nitrate-contamination-index was 1.5 times higher than well-managed modern irrigation districts indicating the necessity to change nitrogenous fertilization practices to minimize nitrate contamination. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.