Duplex ultrasound of hemodialysis fistulas

This article summarizes the routine use of duplex ultrasound in the evaluation of hemodialysis fistulas. It offers a step-by-step review of the equipment, examination technique, normal and abnormal findings in patients who have undergone hemodialysis shunts. The problems and recognition of problems by duplex ultrasound are extensively detailed. For example, duplex problems of a variety of symptoms, including puncture problems, venous congestion, peripheral ischemia, local swelling and high flow fistula, are detailed.